Scientifically Industrial Association "Ukrhimprom"
Urea is produced commercially from two raw materials, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the manufacture of ammonia from coal or from hydrocarbons such as natural gas and petroleum derived raw materials. This allows direct synthesis of urea from these raw materials.The production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide takes place in an equilibrium reaction, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. The various urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea formation takes place and the way in which unconverted reactants are further processed.
Unconverted reactants can be used for the manufacture of other products, for example ammonium nitrate or sulphate, or they can be recycled for complete conversion to urea in a total-recycle process.
More than 90% of world production is destined for use as a fertilizer. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogeneous fertilizers in common use. (46.4%N.) It therefore has the lowest transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient.
In the soil, urea is converted into the ammonium ion form of nitrogen. For most flora, the ammonium form of nitrogen is just as effective as the nitrate form. The ammonium form is better retained in the soil by the clay materials than the nitrate form and is therefore less subject to leaching.
Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions, e.g. in foliar feed fertilizers.
UREA CAN BE USED AS:
A raw material for urea-formaldehyde resins production in the adhesives and textile industries. A significant portion of urea production is used in the preparation of urea-formaldehyde resins. These synthetic resins are used in the manufacture of adhesives, moulding powders, varnishes and foams. They are also used for impregnating paper, textiles and leather.
A raw material for melamine production More than 95% of all melamine production is based on urea. Stamicarbons parent company DSM is the largest melamine producer in the world.
A supplementary substitute protein source in feedstuffs for cattle and other ruminants. Because of the activity of micro-organisms in their cud, ruminants are able to metabolize certain nitrogen containing compounds, including urea, as protein substitutes. In the USA this capability is exploited on a large scale. Western Europe, in contrast, uses little urea in cattle feed.
Feed for hydrolyzation into ammonia which in turn is used to reduce emissions from powerplants and combustion engines.
Other, miscellaneous products such as de-icing material for airport runways. Although on a smaller scale than as a fertilizer or as raw material for synthetic resins, urea is also used as a raw material or auxiliary material in the pharmaceutical industry, the fermenting and brewing industries and in the petroleum industry.
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